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Between the wish and the thing, life lies waiting.
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Section A

You Can Fool Yourself.

Techniques of Self-Deception

Prejudice
You prejudge before you really learn about a person or group. You often prejudge based on indoctrination, conditioning or some prior experience which could be pleasant or unpleasant. The person who is prejudiced has strong and deep emotional reasons why he or she prejudges.
Academic Detachment
When a decision needs to be made, as in a voting situation for example, you give an argument for both sides of an issue but won’t commit one way or the other. You refuse to make a commitment or decision when action is demanded.
Drawing the Line
You make a sharp distinction or division where it is inappropriate to draw sharp distinctions.
You view things as either Black or White even though the issue isn’t that clear cut.
Not Drawing the Line
You don’t stop at your preset limits; you are always just doing a little more.You ask what’s the big deal if I have one more.
Your over indulgence is acceptable as long as it’s just a small over indulgence.
Conservatism, Radicalism, Moderatism
You are Conservative if you ALWAYS prefer what is old and familiar, simply because it is old and familiar.
You are Radical if you ALWAYS prefer the new and revolutionary, just because of its newness.
You are Moderate if you ALWAYS choose the middle of the road or compromise ground; if you always avoid the two extremes.
Rationalization
After something happens, you try to think up a good reason why you did what you did.
Most of the time, you know that your reasons are not very creditable or even believable.
Wishful Thinking
You want something (in the future) to be true or correct simply because you want it to be so.
Tabloid Thinking
You prefer quick summaries and like to put things in a nutshell. You stereotype people or issues with simple phrases. You have no deep-set emotions toward those people or issues; you just like to describe them with catchy phrases.
Causal Oversimplication
You explain a complex event or issue by saying it has only one cause, when MANY causes are really responsible. You are simplifying the cause of an event, not the event itself.
Inconceivability
You believe a proposition or plan to be false simply because you can not conceive or consider that the proposition could actually ever happen.

Watch out for ‘0’ or No Technique. If the argument is logical or is identified as an opinion then 0 (No Technique) is the correct answer.

Section B

Language will Lure You.

Techniques of Language

Propaganda Wishful Thinking Rarely

Emotional Terms
You use words or phrases that arouse feelings for or against someone or some cause.
Metaphor and Simile
You claim a likeness between two things that does not really exist. Or the likeness has nothing to do with the point you are making.
Emphasis
You quote another person but stress one of their words or phrases. This changes the meaning of what was said.
Quotation Out of Context
You repeat just part of what someone said.
Abstract Terms
You use an abstract term but cannot give concrete examples to explain what the term means.
Vagueness
You are use a word or phrase means that has a range of meanings. However, you are not clear as to exactly what meaning you want.
Ambiguity
You use a word or phrase that has two or more meanings. The listener is not sure which meaning you want.
Shift of Meaning
You use a word or phrase to mean one thing. Then you use the same word or phrase again with a different meaning.

Watch out for ‘0’ or No Technique. If the argument is logical or is identified as an opinion then 0 (No Technique) is the correct answer.

Section C

How Gullible are You?

Techniques of Irrelevance

Appearance
The way a person or thing looks becomes the basis of our acceptance or rejection.
Manner
The way a person acts or behaves at a certain time becomes the basis of our acceptance or rejection of the person. Usually, the behavior has nothing to do with the issue at hand.
Degrees and Titles
You make a sharp distinction or division where it is inappropriate to draw sharp distinctions.
We buy or believe out of respect for degrees or titles attached to the names of those who persuade us even though the degree or title is not relevant to the product or idea being presented.
Numbers
The speaker wants us to buy or believe because of the large numbers associated with the product or proposition.
Status
Persons or objects for which we have respect – or which possess some degree of fame or prestige – are used to convince us of something. It is the person’s fame and prestige that is used, not the person’s degree or title.
Repetition
We buy or believe because we have heard or seen the idea or product name so many times. The speaker or advertiser “pounds” the message into our heads.
Slogans
A slogan is a short, catchy phrase or sentence meant to promote action in favor of the slogan maker. However true the slogan may be, if your action is merely a favorable response to the slogan, and not based on an honest evaluation of the product, then the technique is successful.
Technical Jargon
“Jargon” refers to the terminology used in a specific field. In this technique, unfamiliar words whose meaning is too technical to be understood by the average reader or listener are used to impress us.
Sophistical Formula
An old or popular saying is used to close an argument so that the real issue is not settled.

Watch out for ‘0’ or No Technique. If the argument is logical or is identified as an opinion then 0 (No Technique) is the correct answer.

Section D

What’s Your Weakness?

Techniques of Exploitation

Propaganda Wishful Thinking Rare

Appeal to Pity
The speaker tries to gain your support by making you feel sorry for him or someone else.
Appeal to Flattery
The speaker tries to persuade us to buy or believe by flattering us on our personal appearance or our behavior or in some other way.
Appeal to Ridicule
The speaker wants to get us to accept a certain proposition by poking fun at those who oppose the proposition. The speaker does not try to win an argument with logic but rather by “putting down” the opponent or the opposing idea.
Appeal to Prestige
The speaker asks you to buy or believe by suggesting that such an action will gain prestige for you. You will increase your social standing, culture, taste, and so on, if you do what the speaker wants.
Appeal to Prejudice
The speaker tries to get you to buy a product or agree with a proposal by